Nutritionists and Dietitians in Wauwatosa, WI

Photo of Kathryn Hoff - Dietitians for Mamas, MS, RDN, CD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Dietitians for Mamas
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, CD
Verified Verified
Wauwatosa, WI 53226  (Online Only)
Dietitians for Mamas is a dynamic nutrition consulting practice founded by two passionate moms and registered dietitians. We specialize in providing comprehensive and personalized nutrition solutions exclusively tailored to moms and their families. With our combined almost 2 decades of experience, we empower moms to prioritize their health and that of their family, optimize nutrition, and achieve a balanced lifestyle. From Pregnancy to postpartum and beyond, we're here to guide and support moms on their journey towards nourishing themselves and their families.
Dietitians for Mamas is a dynamic nutrition consulting practice founded by two passionate moms and registered dietitians. We specialize in providing comprehensive and personalized nutrition solutions exclusively tailored to moms and their families. With our combined almost 2 decades of experience, we empower moms to prioritize their health and that of their family, optimize nutrition, and achieve a balanced lifestyle. From Pregnancy to postpartum and beyond, we're here to guide and support moms on their journey towards nourishing themselves and their families.
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Photo of Nicole Kerneen, RD, CD, CSSD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Nicole Kerneen
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CD, CSSD
Verified Verified
Wauwatosa, WI 53213
Way Of Life is a philosophy that empowers the individual to reach any goal. We personalize every plan to your individual needs! There are no “cookie-cutter” plans or answers here! Everything is based on you, how your body works, your lifestyle, your health status and history and your personal health goals! Way Of Life has been helping people reach their highest potential since 2000. We have a sound track record of empowering individuals to work WITH themselves and stop working against themselves.
Way Of Life is a philosophy that empowers the individual to reach any goal. We personalize every plan to your individual needs! There are no “cookie-cutter” plans or answers here! Everything is based on you, how your body works, your lifestyle, your health status and history and your personal health goals! Way Of Life has been helping people reach their highest potential since 2000. We have a sound track record of empowering individuals to work WITH themselves and stop working against themselves.
(414) 939-7694 View (414) 939-7694
Photo of Samantha Totsky, RDN, CD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Samantha Totsky
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CD
Verified Verified
Wauwatosa, WI 53208
I am a heath at every size (HAES) informed dietitian who specializes in eating disorder treatment. I work with adults and adolescents who are looking to heal their relationship with food and body.
I am a heath at every size (HAES) informed dietitian who specializes in eating disorder treatment. I work with adults and adolescents who are looking to heal their relationship with food and body.
(262) 946-5194 View (262) 946-5194
Photo of Ashleigh Marie Spitza, MS, RD, CDCES, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Ashleigh Marie Spitza
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, CDCES
Verified Verified
Wauwatosa, WI 53226
Let’s partner together to re-learn what it means to be an Intuitive Eater. Listening to your body is not easy when the world is so loud. Perhaps you've been on the diet rollercoaster for many years or maybe you've just been told by a medical professional to change your diet or weight to treat a health condition. Maybe you feel so confused by food you don't know what to eat anymore. In any case, you want to feel good and spend less time thinking about eating and more time living your life.
Let’s partner together to re-learn what it means to be an Intuitive Eater. Listening to your body is not easy when the world is so loud. Perhaps you've been on the diet rollercoaster for many years or maybe you've just been told by a medical professional to change your diet or weight to treat a health condition. Maybe you feel so confused by food you don't know what to eat anymore. In any case, you want to feel good and spend less time thinking about eating and more time living your life.
(262) 425-9966 View (262) 425-9966
Photo of Samantha (Bauer) Kuspa, RDN, CD, LD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Samantha (Bauer) Kuspa
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CD, LD
Verified Verified
Wauwatosa, WI 53208
I truly enjoy working with clients that currently have or have a history of an eating disorder and/or body image or food related issues. Working with those who are done with the dieting culture, and tired of experiencing statements from healthcare professionals about how they have to change their body. I am a weight and food inclusive dietitian who wants help anyone that is searching for a meal plan that is realistic and meets their personal goals.
I truly enjoy working with clients that currently have or have a history of an eating disorder and/or body image or food related issues. Working with those who are done with the dieting culture, and tired of experiencing statements from healthcare professionals about how they have to change their body. I am a weight and food inclusive dietitian who wants help anyone that is searching for a meal plan that is realistic and meets their personal goals.
(262) 239-4392 View (262) 239-4392

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Michela Curti, RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Michela Curti
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53203  (Online Only)
I’m a passionate dietitian dedicated to providing personalized nutrition plans that cater to your unique needs. I believe that healthy eating doesn’t have to be boring or one-size-fits-all. My goal is to help you enjoy delicious, nutritious food while achieving your health and wellness goals.
I’m a passionate dietitian dedicated to providing personalized nutrition plans that cater to your unique needs. I believe that healthy eating doesn’t have to be boring or one-size-fits-all. My goal is to help you enjoy delicious, nutritious food while achieving your health and wellness goals.
(262) 381-3636 View (262) 381-3636
Photo of Courtney Kincannon, RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Courtney Kincannon
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53203  (Online Only)
I have worked as a registered dietitian nutritionist with families for 11 years now. I myself have 2 children and understand how important nutrition is as well as how hard it can be to balance nutrition within our busy lives. The age old questions of what’s for dinner really can hit when life is changing. I am able to provide nutrition education and counseling in various areas, with most experience in pregnancy nutrition, infant through preschool child nutrition, postpartum nutrition and weight loss. I strive to make healthy nutrition easier for everyone to incorporate into their lives.
I have worked as a registered dietitian nutritionist with families for 11 years now. I myself have 2 children and understand how important nutrition is as well as how hard it can be to balance nutrition within our busy lives. The age old questions of what’s for dinner really can hit when life is changing. I am able to provide nutrition education and counseling in various areas, with most experience in pregnancy nutrition, infant through preschool child nutrition, postpartum nutrition and weight loss. I strive to make healthy nutrition easier for everyone to incorporate into their lives.
(262) 381-2823 View (262) 381-2823
Photo of Nazia Sadat, RD, LDN, MSNW, MPH, MS Ed, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Nazia Sadat
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, MSNW, MPH, MS Ed
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Nazia received her Bachelor of Science in Nutrition from Benedictine University in Lisle, IL. She then went onto complete her Master of Science in Nutrition and Wellness (MSNW) and Masters of Public Health (MPH) alongside her Dietetic Internship at Benedictine University. She then worked for Kaplan University for their Nutrition Department as an adjunct instructor. She has also worked as a clinical dietitian for Good Samaritan Hospital. While at Kaplan Nazia completed her Master of Science in Education in Instructional technology (MS Ed.). Nazia is currently working on her PhD in Health Sciences.
Nazia received her Bachelor of Science in Nutrition from Benedictine University in Lisle, IL. She then went onto complete her Master of Science in Nutrition and Wellness (MSNW) and Masters of Public Health (MPH) alongside her Dietetic Internship at Benedictine University. She then worked for Kaplan University for their Nutrition Department as an adjunct instructor. She has also worked as a clinical dietitian for Good Samaritan Hospital. While at Kaplan Nazia completed her Master of Science in Education in Instructional technology (MS Ed.). Nazia is currently working on her PhD in Health Sciences.
(847) 260-9549 View (847) 260-9549
Photo of Detria Branch, RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Detria Branch
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53203  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Detria Branch, a proud member of the MyOr network of expert dietitians. "I’m on a mission to provide accessible nutrition care services so that our families can thrive mentally, physically and spiritually." As your dietitian, you can expect me to meet you where you are. I will listen and guide you towards an enhanced level of clarity in a world full of food noise, improving your relationship with food and overall health.
Hello! I'm Detria Branch, a proud member of the MyOr network of expert dietitians. "I’m on a mission to provide accessible nutrition care services so that our families can thrive mentally, physically and spiritually." As your dietitian, you can expect me to meet you where you are. I will listen and guide you towards an enhanced level of clarity in a world full of food noise, improving your relationship with food and overall health.
(262) 381-2867 View (262) 381-2867
Photo of Natalie Van Beek, MS, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Natalie Van Beek
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, LDN
Not Verified Not Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Natalie is a Board-Certified Registered Dietitian licensed in the state of Illinois. She attended Dominican University, where she completed her BS in Nutrition and Dietetics as well as her MS in Nutrition. Spanning her career, Natalie has worked with a wide variety of individuals, from adolescents to adults with varying health conditions. It was after working with a private practice group in Chicago that Natalie discovered her passion for helping those suffering with eating disorders or years of disordered eating patterns repair their relationship with food.
Natalie is a Board-Certified Registered Dietitian licensed in the state of Illinois. She attended Dominican University, where she completed her BS in Nutrition and Dietetics as well as her MS in Nutrition. Spanning her career, Natalie has worked with a wide variety of individuals, from adolescents to adults with varying health conditions. It was after working with a private practice group in Chicago that Natalie discovered her passion for helping those suffering with eating disorders or years of disordered eating patterns repair their relationship with food.
(332) 239-7311 View (332) 239-7311
Photo of Sarah Biskobing, RDN, CD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Sarah Biskobing
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, CD
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53226
Since 2008, I have been providing individual and group nutrition counseling to adolescents and adults who struggle with eating disorders. My goal is to challenge your eating disordered thinking so that you can find food freedom and live a healthier and happier life.
Since 2008, I have been providing individual and group nutrition counseling to adolescents and adults who struggle with eating disorders. My goal is to challenge your eating disordered thinking so that you can find food freedom and live a healthier and happier life.
(262) 218-4305 View (262) 218-4305
Photo of Elisa Stegman, MS, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Elisa Stegman
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, LDN
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Elisa Stegman is a Board Certified Registered Dietitian Nutritionist. She completed her BS in Dietetics from Iowa State University and her MS in Clinical Nutrition from University of Wisconsin. Elisa is Chicago-based with several years of both pediatric and adult clinical experience at the University of Iowa and Lurie Children's hospitals. She is a Certified Nutrition Support Clinician and is also currently working toward a certificate in Integrative Functional Nutrition. Elisa believes in approaching health from a holistic perspective and the value of using food as medicine.
Elisa Stegman is a Board Certified Registered Dietitian Nutritionist. She completed her BS in Dietetics from Iowa State University and her MS in Clinical Nutrition from University of Wisconsin. Elisa is Chicago-based with several years of both pediatric and adult clinical experience at the University of Iowa and Lurie Children's hospitals. She is a Certified Nutrition Support Clinician and is also currently working toward a certificate in Integrative Functional Nutrition. Elisa believes in approaching health from a holistic perspective and the value of using food as medicine.
(847) 380-8442 View (847) 380-8442
Photo of Natalie Alcaraz, RD, CD, MPH, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Natalie Alcaraz
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CD, MPH
Verified Verified
Elm Grove, WI 53122  (Online Only)
Hi there! I am a non-diet Registered Dietitian and Intuitive Eating Coach dedicated to help you heal your relationship with food and your body. I use a weight-inclusive approach to empower clients to ditch diet culture, cultivate self-compassion, and work towards freedom of chronic dieting and disordered eating. I also use this approach to help provide an alternative way to manage chronic health conditions.
Hi there! I am a non-diet Registered Dietitian and Intuitive Eating Coach dedicated to help you heal your relationship with food and your body. I use a weight-inclusive approach to empower clients to ditch diet culture, cultivate self-compassion, and work towards freedom of chronic dieting and disordered eating. I also use this approach to help provide an alternative way to manage chronic health conditions.
(414) 441-2738 View (414) 441-2738
Photo of Rachel Kofsky, RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Rachel Kofsky
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53203  (Online Only)
As a Registered Dietitian, Lactation Consultant and Toddler Mom - my hope is to hold your hand and give you some reassurance when food and feeding can feel so overwhelming. Life is hard enough and I hope to make food feel a little easier. I pride myself on practical advice that fits into your family with no judgement, and finding a meal plan that works for you! Some of my specialties include: Food Allergies, HAES, Disordered Eating, Baby Led Weaning, Pregnancy/Fertility/Postpartum Nutrition and more. I would love to work with you!
As a Registered Dietitian, Lactation Consultant and Toddler Mom - my hope is to hold your hand and give you some reassurance when food and feeding can feel so overwhelming. Life is hard enough and I hope to make food feel a little easier. I pride myself on practical advice that fits into your family with no judgement, and finding a meal plan that works for you! Some of my specialties include: Food Allergies, HAES, Disordered Eating, Baby Led Weaning, Pregnancy/Fertility/Postpartum Nutrition and more. I would love to work with you!
(262) 755-1365 View (262) 755-1365
Photo of Aliza Baskir, RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Aliza Baskir
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53203  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Aliza, a registered dietitian nutritionist specializing in food allergies and eating disorders. Whether you're managing a food allergy, navigating a new diagnosis for your child, or planning a family and looking to reduce your child's risk of developing food allergies, I offer personalized and comprehensive support. My services cover everything from pediatric and adult food allergies to infant feeding challenges, picky eating, and other dietary restrictions. As a FARE-certified food allergy dietitian, I help clients and families feel safe and confident in their food choices while optimizing their nutritional needs.
Hi! I'm Aliza, a registered dietitian nutritionist specializing in food allergies and eating disorders. Whether you're managing a food allergy, navigating a new diagnosis for your child, or planning a family and looking to reduce your child's risk of developing food allergies, I offer personalized and comprehensive support. My services cover everything from pediatric and adult food allergies to infant feeding challenges, picky eating, and other dietary restrictions. As a FARE-certified food allergy dietitian, I help clients and families feel safe and confident in their food choices while optimizing their nutritional needs.
(262) 381-3226 View (262) 381-3226
Photo of Elizabeth Stencel, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Elizabeth Stencel
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Beth has been working for over five years as an inpatient, outpatient and long-term care Licensed Registered Dietitian. The possibilities to manage and prevent chronic disease with improved nutrition inspired Beth to begin a career in dietetics. A food lover at heart, Beth believes food must always taste good, therefore she loves to be creative with recipes to increase nutritional value. She helps guide her clients toward nutritious eating with the goal of nourishing the body to improve energy and quality of life.
Beth has been working for over five years as an inpatient, outpatient and long-term care Licensed Registered Dietitian. The possibilities to manage and prevent chronic disease with improved nutrition inspired Beth to begin a career in dietetics. A food lover at heart, Beth believes food must always taste good, therefore she loves to be creative with recipes to increase nutritional value. She helps guide her clients toward nutritious eating with the goal of nourishing the body to improve energy and quality of life.
(847) 378-0925 View (847) 378-0925
Photo of Mary Rader, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Mary Rader
Nutritionist/Dietitian
Verified Verified
Elm Grove, WI 53122
Mary Rader is a clinical dietitian who offers individual and family nutrition consultations. Mary tailors nutrition consultations to meet the unique needs of each client to achieve weight loss and overall health. She provides education, guidance, and lifestyle modifications- empowering the client to set goals to transform their health.
Mary Rader is a clinical dietitian who offers individual and family nutrition consultations. Mary tailors nutrition consultations to meet the unique needs of each client to achieve weight loss and overall health. She provides education, guidance, and lifestyle modifications- empowering the client to set goals to transform their health.
(414) 376-5125 View (414) 376-5125
Photo of Amanda Van Jacobs, RD, LDN, MS, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Amanda Van Jacobs
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN, MS
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53203
I have been a dietitian since 2017 and have learned so much throughout the years. I specialize in renal disease, transplant (pre or post), diabetes, blood pressure, or cholesterol management and weight loss. I enjoy developing a good relationship with patients, not just learning about their diet, but their overall lifestyle. I am very flexible depending on patient's learning preferences and am happy to adjust education as needed. I look forward to working with new clients and helping as much as I can!
I have been a dietitian since 2017 and have learned so much throughout the years. I specialize in renal disease, transplant (pre or post), diabetes, blood pressure, or cholesterol management and weight loss. I enjoy developing a good relationship with patients, not just learning about their diet, but their overall lifestyle. I am very flexible depending on patient's learning preferences and am happy to adjust education as needed. I look forward to working with new clients and helping as much as I can!
(847) 463-1884 View (847) 463-1884
Photo of Teequa Knapp, RD, LD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Teequa Knapp
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53203  (Online Only)
As a dedicated Registered Dietitian, I specialize in guiding families toward developing lifelong healthy behaviors, nutrition, and lifestyles. My passion lies in empowering parents and children to navigate the complexities of nutrition, particularly when it comes to food allergies and intolerances.
As a dedicated Registered Dietitian, I specialize in guiding families toward developing lifelong healthy behaviors, nutrition, and lifestyles. My passion lies in empowering parents and children to navigate the complexities of nutrition, particularly when it comes to food allergies and intolerances.
(262) 393-4516 View (262) 393-4516
Photo of Emily Oschmann, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Emily Oschmann
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Emily is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist, certified by the Commission on Dietetic Registration. She completed her education at Mount Mary University and her clinical internship at Roger’s Behavioral Health, both in Wisconsin. Within her first year of being an RDN, Emily presented to over 100 RDNs in her state on the importance of weight inclusive care. In her free time, she enjoys traveling, reading as many books as possible, and being a cat mom to her big cat (Blue) and little cat (Lilly).
Emily is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist, certified by the Commission on Dietetic Registration. She completed her education at Mount Mary University and her clinical internship at Roger’s Behavioral Health, both in Wisconsin. Within her first year of being an RDN, Emily presented to over 100 RDNs in her state on the importance of weight inclusive care. In her free time, she enjoys traveling, reading as many books as possible, and being a cat mom to her big cat (Blue) and little cat (Lilly).
(773) 492-6435 View (773) 492-6435
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians

How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in Wauwatosa?

To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.

When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.

What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.

In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.

When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.

Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.

Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.

How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.

Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?

If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.

Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.