Nutritionists and Dietitians in Winston Salem, NC

Photo of Rebecca Subbiah, RDN, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Rebecca Subbiah
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27101
You are valued and of worth, you matter and your wellbeing is important. Anchored Nutrition Therapy approaches health through a HAES (Health at Every Size) lens promoting weight inclusivity, health promoting behaviors, a flexible eating approach based on intuitive eating, meeting your nutritional needs, learning to be in tune with your body and enjoy your food. Helping you find joy in movement. All are welcome.
You are valued and of worth, you matter and your wellbeing is important. Anchored Nutrition Therapy approaches health through a HAES (Health at Every Size) lens promoting weight inclusivity, health promoting behaviors, a flexible eating approach based on intuitive eating, meeting your nutritional needs, learning to be in tune with your body and enjoy your food. Helping you find joy in movement. All are welcome.
(336) 395-5085 View (336) 395-5085
Photo of Anna C Austin, RDN, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Anna C Austin
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27101
Are you ready to take charge of your health? If you are looking for a compassionate and knowledgeable nutrition professional to help you meet your nutrition related health goals, you've come to the right place. I am ready to partner with you in finding solutions that are not only effective, but work for you and your unique lifestyle. I use a client-centered approach and focus not only on the what, but the how. I do not believe in diets or that you have to feel deprived to like your body and be healthy.
Are you ready to take charge of your health? If you are looking for a compassionate and knowledgeable nutrition professional to help you meet your nutrition related health goals, you've come to the right place. I am ready to partner with you in finding solutions that are not only effective, but work for you and your unique lifestyle. I use a client-centered approach and focus not only on the what, but the how. I do not believe in diets or that you have to feel deprived to like your body and be healthy.
(336) 281-6910 View (336) 281-6910
Photo of Christine Corcoran, MS, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Christine Corcoran
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27104
We know change is not easy. We know finding food freedom can sound scary (maybe even impossible). It is our mission to guide you through uncharted territory and give you the knowledge and support you need to make real and lasting changes. Our approach to health and nutrition is weight-inclusive, and will always focus on finding peace and balance with food and exercise. We are continuously educating ourselves to provide a safe and welcoming space for all individuals. We work to analyze eating habits together and make changes based on where you are.
We know change is not easy. We know finding food freedom can sound scary (maybe even impossible). It is our mission to guide you through uncharted territory and give you the knowledge and support you need to make real and lasting changes. Our approach to health and nutrition is weight-inclusive, and will always focus on finding peace and balance with food and exercise. We are continuously educating ourselves to provide a safe and welcoming space for all individuals. We work to analyze eating habits together and make changes based on where you are.
(704) 753-8712 View (704) 753-8712
Photo of Rima Kleiner, MS, RDN, LDN, IFNCP, CLT, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Rima Kleiner
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN, IFNCP, CLT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winston Salem, NC 27110
As a functional and integrated Registered Dietitian-Nutritionist, I help busy people who are struggling with low energy, stubborn weight, bloating and other GI issues, food sensitivities and metabolic and hormone imbalances feel energized throughout the day, lose weight without dieting and, ultimately, live fully doing the things they love.
As a functional and integrated Registered Dietitian-Nutritionist, I help busy people who are struggling with low energy, stubborn weight, bloating and other GI issues, food sensitivities and metabolic and hormone imbalances feel energized throughout the day, lose weight without dieting and, ultimately, live fully doing the things they love.
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Photo of Alex Hussey, MS, RD, LDN, CEDS, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Alex Hussey
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN, CEDS
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27108
I’m a registered dietitian with a private practice that supports individuals struggling with eating disorders, chronic dieting, and body image issues - for the folks I work with, food feels hard. I strive to create a safe, judgment-free space for all individuals to share and process their experiences - my style is warm, accessible, and not without humor. I regularly integrate nutrition science with body-based (somatic) practices and therapeutic coaching to help my clients learn to nourish themselves from the bottom up, with confidence.
I’m a registered dietitian with a private practice that supports individuals struggling with eating disorders, chronic dieting, and body image issues - for the folks I work with, food feels hard. I strive to create a safe, judgment-free space for all individuals to share and process their experiences - my style is warm, accessible, and not without humor. I regularly integrate nutrition science with body-based (somatic) practices and therapeutic coaching to help my clients learn to nourish themselves from the bottom up, with confidence.
(704) 237-6539 View (704) 237-6539
Photo of Caroline Thomason, RD, CDE, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Caroline Thomason
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, CDE
Verified Verified
Winston Salem, NC 27106
Are you tired of spending the last 10, 20, or even 30 years frustrated with dieting? Have you tried every diet, only to feel more confused and defeated with food? Do you struggle with losing and re-gaining the same unwanted weight? Do you have increased anxiety and stress around food after dieting?
Are you tired of spending the last 10, 20, or even 30 years frustrated with dieting? Have you tried every diet, only to feel more confused and defeated with food? Do you struggle with losing and re-gaining the same unwanted weight? Do you have increased anxiety and stress around food after dieting?
(434) 205-6990 View (434) 205-6990

More Dietitians and Nutritionists Nearby

Photo of Neika Dauphin - Sis Your Uterus Matters, MPH, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Sis Your Uterus Matters
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27402  (Online Only)
Hello! I’m Neika, a dedicated Registered Dietitian (RD) committed to enhancing your health journey through a holistic approach. With expertise in hormonal health, prenatal and postpartum nutrition, lactation support, and pediatric nutrition, I provide personalized guidance tailored to your unique needs. My focus on preventive care helps you achieve optimal well-being and embrace a vibrant lifestyle. Whether you're navigating pregnancy, supporting your child's nutrition, or seeking to improve your overall health, I’m here to empower and support you every step of the way.
Hello! I’m Neika, a dedicated Registered Dietitian (RD) committed to enhancing your health journey through a holistic approach. With expertise in hormonal health, prenatal and postpartum nutrition, lactation support, and pediatric nutrition, I provide personalized guidance tailored to your unique needs. My focus on preventive care helps you achieve optimal well-being and embrace a vibrant lifestyle. Whether you're navigating pregnancy, supporting your child's nutrition, or seeking to improve your overall health, I’m here to empower and support you every step of the way.
(919) 804-1475 View (919) 804-1475
Photo of Sarah Edwards Duong - Renew Nutrition Therapy, MS, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Renew Nutrition Therapy
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27410
At Renew, we are here to hear you and to help you in any way that we can. That includes helping those that may be seeking accountability with their health struggles (ex: digestive issues, auto-immune disease, chronic fatigue or even sub-optimal labs, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, & elevated cholesterol). Or perhaps you are someone that is exhausted from the ups and downs of yo-yo dieting and is looking for a more sustainable way to feel good in your body. Our approach involves listening intently and providing you the tools and education to confidently begin your path to wellness. Let's restart, repair and renew together!
At Renew, we are here to hear you and to help you in any way that we can. That includes helping those that may be seeking accountability with their health struggles (ex: digestive issues, auto-immune disease, chronic fatigue or even sub-optimal labs, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, & elevated cholesterol). Or perhaps you are someone that is exhausted from the ups and downs of yo-yo dieting and is looking for a more sustainable way to feel good in your body. Our approach involves listening intently and providing you the tools and education to confidently begin your path to wellness. Let's restart, repair and renew together!
(910) 218-9832 View (910) 218-9832
Photo of Samantha Berkowitz, MPH, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Samantha Berkowitz
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MPH, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27401  (Online Only)
I offer weight-inclusive care to neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals struggling with eating disorders, disordered eating habits, and chronic dieting. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive space for individuals to explore their relationship with food and body, and to empower them to make decisions that align with their own unique needs and values.
I offer weight-inclusive care to neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals struggling with eating disorders, disordered eating habits, and chronic dieting. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive space for individuals to explore their relationship with food and body, and to empower them to make decisions that align with their own unique needs and values.
(828) 656-5497 View (828) 656-5497
Photo of Amanda Averett, MS, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Amanda Averett
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27408  (Online Only)
I want to help you discover your own definition of health through non-diet, weight-inclusive nutrition therapy. I want to provide support and guidance as you heal your relationship with food, make peace with your body, and cultivate a new definition of health and wellness that aligns with your values through a weight-inclusive, neuro-affirming, non-diet approach.
I want to help you discover your own definition of health through non-diet, weight-inclusive nutrition therapy. I want to provide support and guidance as you heal your relationship with food, make peace with your body, and cultivate a new definition of health and wellness that aligns with your values through a weight-inclusive, neuro-affirming, non-diet approach.
(980) 819-1573 View (980) 819-1573
Photo of Morgan Rossi, MS, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Morgan Rossi
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27406
Are you exhausted by feeling out of control around food? Interested in building habits that nourish you based on your individual needs and capacity? While I have experience working with a wide variety of EDs and disordered eating patterns, I especially enjoy working with those experiencing distress from emotional eating, burn-out, ARFID, and Binge Eating Disorder. I am additionally passionate about supporting queer folks and those who identify as neurodivergent.
Are you exhausted by feeling out of control around food? Interested in building habits that nourish you based on your individual needs and capacity? While I have experience working with a wide variety of EDs and disordered eating patterns, I especially enjoy working with those experiencing distress from emotional eating, burn-out, ARFID, and Binge Eating Disorder. I am additionally passionate about supporting queer folks and those who identify as neurodivergent.
(828) 522-9371 View (828) 522-9371
Photo of Samara Abbott - PCOS Nutrition Co., MSEd, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
PCOS Nutrition Co.
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MSEd, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27402  (Online Only)
Is this you? You were diagnosed with PCOS and told to “just lose weight and come back when you want to get pregnant” but you have symptoms that you want addressed now... like elevated blood sugar, fatigue, and irregular periods. You've tried so many diets but dieting only leads you to binge because you have constant hunger and sugar cravings. You love the idea of intuitive eating and letting go of dieting but you're not sure what that looks like when you're trying to manage PCOS.
Is this you? You were diagnosed with PCOS and told to “just lose weight and come back when you want to get pregnant” but you have symptoms that you want addressed now... like elevated blood sugar, fatigue, and irregular periods. You've tried so many diets but dieting only leads you to binge because you have constant hunger and sugar cravings. You love the idea of intuitive eating and letting go of dieting but you're not sure what that looks like when you're trying to manage PCOS.
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Photo of Clara Iuliano, RDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Clara Iuliano
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Greensboro, NC 27401  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Clara, a plant-based dietitian with 20 years of expertise. I have been plant-based for over 20 years. I provide online consultations for those interested in plant-based, vegetarian, or vegan diets. With extensive experience in nutrition, I've helped individuals improve their health and achieve their goals. I offer a free 20-minute discovery call (via phone or Zoom). I work with Plant-Based Dietitians Ltd (www.plantbasedrds.com). Just send an email, and my customer service team will send you the scheduling link. You can also book a session directly.
Hello! I'm Clara, a plant-based dietitian with 20 years of expertise. I have been plant-based for over 20 years. I provide online consultations for those interested in plant-based, vegetarian, or vegan diets. With extensive experience in nutrition, I've helped individuals improve their health and achieve their goals. I offer a free 20-minute discovery call (via phone or Zoom). I work with Plant-Based Dietitians Ltd (www.plantbasedrds.com). Just send an email, and my customer service team will send you the scheduling link. You can also book a session directly.
(484) 787-5680 View (484) 787-5680
Photo of Monica Gulisano, RDN, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Monica Gulisano
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN, LDN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greensboro, NC 27407
As an integrative and functional dietitian nutritionist, I partner with you to determine specific nutrition solutions and support for ailments such as gastrointestinal disorders like IBS, chronic migraines, cancer, diabetes, obesity, autoimmune disorders, thyroid issues, cardiovascular challenges, ADD, PCOS and of course, food allergies, intolerances, and hypersensitivities.
As an integrative and functional dietitian nutritionist, I partner with you to determine specific nutrition solutions and support for ailments such as gastrointestinal disorders like IBS, chronic migraines, cancer, diabetes, obesity, autoimmune disorders, thyroid issues, cardiovascular challenges, ADD, PCOS and of course, food allergies, intolerances, and hypersensitivities.
(984) 204-7616 View (984) 204-7616
Photo of Jenn Ritchie, MS, RDN, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Jenn Ritchie
Nutritionist/Dietitian, MS, RDN, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27406  (Online Only)
My name is Jenn Ritchie and I am registered dietitian, certified Intuitive Eating Counselor, and founder of Soulshine Nutrition. We offer nutrition services through a non-diet, HAES-aligned lens, and offer nutrition therapy and counseling to clients across multiple states in a virtual setting. We provide nutrition services for those seeking non-judgmental, weight neutral and individualized nutrition counseling which prioritizes nourishment for body AND mind.
My name is Jenn Ritchie and I am registered dietitian, certified Intuitive Eating Counselor, and founder of Soulshine Nutrition. We offer nutrition services through a non-diet, HAES-aligned lens, and offer nutrition therapy and counseling to clients across multiple states in a virtual setting. We provide nutrition services for those seeking non-judgmental, weight neutral and individualized nutrition counseling which prioritizes nourishment for body AND mind.
(336) 517-7025 View (336) 517-7025
Photo of Emily Jenkins, RDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Emily Jenkins
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27395
I am a Registered Dietitian who is passionate about supporting sustainable and peaceful relationships with food. I work with individuals struggling with disordered eating, eating disorders, diabetes management, and general wellness.
I am a Registered Dietitian who is passionate about supporting sustainable and peaceful relationships with food. I work with individuals struggling with disordered eating, eating disorders, diabetes management, and general wellness.
(571) 771-2966 View (571) 771-2966
Photo of Sarah Poling, RD, LDN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Sarah Poling
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LDN
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27403  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a North Carolina-based Registered Dietitian with the group practice Karuna Wellness Studio, who sees clients virtually across the US. Karuna is a group practice that offers nutrition and movement services through a anti-diet, HAES-aligned, weight-neutral approach. We integrate elements of lifestyle medicine & nutritional psychiatry to serve as health advocates for our clients, promoting both physical and mental health. With clients, I create safe space where her clients can discover their authentic selves, meet their needs while rediscovering joy, and work toward autonomy in their relationship with food and body.
Hello! I am a North Carolina-based Registered Dietitian with the group practice Karuna Wellness Studio, who sees clients virtually across the US. Karuna is a group practice that offers nutrition and movement services through a anti-diet, HAES-aligned, weight-neutral approach. We integrate elements of lifestyle medicine & nutritional psychiatry to serve as health advocates for our clients, promoting both physical and mental health. With clients, I create safe space where her clients can discover their authentic selves, meet their needs while rediscovering joy, and work toward autonomy in their relationship with food and body.
(980) 351-3524 View (980) 351-3524
Photo of Julia Pleasant, LDN, RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Julia Pleasant
Nutritionist/Dietitian, LDN, RD
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27401
I am an integrative and functional registered dietitian. I help individuals from all walks of life optimize their nutrition, health, and wellness through a holistic, weight-inclusive, and personalized approach. One of my core beliefs as a practitioner is that YOU are the expert of your own body. I'm simply here to guide, educate, and empower you along your healing journey.
I am an integrative and functional registered dietitian. I help individuals from all walks of life optimize their nutrition, health, and wellness through a holistic, weight-inclusive, and personalized approach. One of my core beliefs as a practitioner is that YOU are the expert of your own body. I'm simply here to guide, educate, and empower you along your healing journey.
(828) 268-3254 View (828) 268-3254
Photo of Jamie Basak, RD, LD, CGN, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Jamie Basak
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD, LD, CGN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mocksville, NC 27028
Do you struggle with constipation, acne, bloating, or other hormonal or digestive symptoms but your doctor tells you all of your lab results are "normal”? Do you feel like there’s SO much mixed information online that you have no clue what to eat to be healthy? OR are you looking to support your child struggling with GI symptoms, ASD, ADHD or behavioral issues on a more holistic level? I've got you! As a non-diet dietitian, my focus is on finding the root cause of symptoms and supporting the body from the inside out.
Do you struggle with constipation, acne, bloating, or other hormonal or digestive symptoms but your doctor tells you all of your lab results are "normal”? Do you feel like there’s SO much mixed information online that you have no clue what to eat to be healthy? OR are you looking to support your child struggling with GI symptoms, ASD, ADHD or behavioral issues on a more holistic level? I've got you! As a non-diet dietitian, my focus is on finding the root cause of symptoms and supporting the body from the inside out.
(813) 540-9307 View (813) 540-9307

Online Dietitians and Nutritionists

Photo of Victoria Scholl - Victoria Scholl- Loop Nutrition, RD, Nutritionist/Dietitian
Victoria Scholl- Loop Nutrition
Nutritionist/Dietitian, RD
Verified Verified
Morrisville, NC 27560
At Loop Nutrition, our motto is “Change your life without changing it”. What we mean by that is we take your long-term wellness goals and break them down into small, impactful steps to get you there. We avoid uprooting your existing lifestyle; instead, we seamlessly integrate sustainable changes that become a natural part of your daily routine. Our approach is about fostering a positive relationship with food and creating lasting habits that lead to sustainable results.
At Loop Nutrition, our motto is “Change your life without changing it”. What we mean by that is we take your long-term wellness goals and break them down into small, impactful steps to get you there. We avoid uprooting your existing lifestyle; instead, we seamlessly integrate sustainable changes that become a natural part of your daily routine. Our approach is about fostering a positive relationship with food and creating lasting habits that lead to sustainable results.
(984) 983-6142 View (984) 983-6142
FAQs - About Nutritionists and Dietitians

How can I find a dietitian or nutritionist in Winston Salem?

To find dietitians and nutritionists near you, input your city, town, suburb, zip code, or a provider's name in the search bar at the top of the page. From there, you can filter by specialty, treatment technique, and gender to find a dietitian or nutritionist who matches your needs.

When you visit a dietitian or nutritionist's profile, you can get a better idea if they're the right fit for you. Consider things like session cost, accepted insurance plans, and their location or telehealth options. If someone seems like a good match, you can email them or call the number on their profile. When speaking with a professional, pay attention to whether or not you feel comfortable in the conversation and how knowledgeable they are about your specific nutrition concerns. It may also be helpful to ask more about their general approach to nutrition and the training behind their credentials.

What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?

The terms dietitian and nutritionist are often used interchangeably. However, there are actually key credential differences between dietitians and nutritionists that are important to keep in mind when seeking a nutrition professional.

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) has earned at least a graduate degree from an accredited program, completed a supervised practice program, passed the Commission on Dietetic Registration exam, and continues their education regularly. The RD and RDN credentials are regulated by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest nutrition-related organization in the country. Only professionals who meet their standards can call themselves an RD or RDN and enjoy privileges like billing insurance. Additionally, RDs and RDNs can get board certifications in specialized areas such as gerontological nutrition (CSG), sports dietetics (CSSD), pediatric nutrition (CSP), renal nutrition (CSR), or oncology nutrition (CSO). They also need state licensure, which usually aligns with national requirements.

In contrast, the title "nutritionist" doesn't require any formal education or credentials; anyone can use the title of nutritionist, including those with very limited or no formal training in nutrition. Although there are certification programs that are marketed toward those interested in nutrition counseling, the rigor and academic requirements for such programs varies greatly. These important differences between dietitians and nutritionists are thus very important to consider when choosing the right nutrition professional for your needs. To be listed in the HealthProfs directory, Nutritionists must have a minimum of a Masters Degree in a relevant field.

When should I see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

Clients seek nutritional support from dietitians and nutritionists for various reasons, ranging from medical conditions to lifestyle concerns like weight loss or dietary requirements; however, it's always important to find a professional who is a good fit for you. Consider factors such as insurance coverage, your specific medical or dietary concerns, and the availability of professionals near you to determine whether a dietitian or nutritionist may be a better fit.

Generally, nutritionists are not covered by insurance, whereas Registered Dietitians (RDs) often are, especially for those with medical conditions. If you have a chronic medical condition like cancer or kidney disease, you might want to seek out an RD with specialized expertise, such as a Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition (CSO) or a Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition (CSR). These credentials indicate advanced education and a commitment to ongoing learning within a specific area. Additionally, consider the availability of professionals in your area and their openness to telehealth sessions. While the field of dietetics is growing, there may not always be a wide selection of professionals, especially in rural areas. In such cases, focusing on the experience and expertise of the nutrition professional can be more important than their specific credentials.

Do I need a referral to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

A referral is not required to see a dietitian or nutritionist, and many individuals independently seek nutritional support without prior medical advice. However, for a nutrition service to be covered by insurance, a referral from a primary care physician or another medical professional may be necessary. In such cases, a referral is typically made for those who have been formally diagnosed with a medical condition requiring nutrition counseling, such as diabetes or hypertension. If insurance coverage is critical to a client's ability to see a dietitian, they should contact their insurance provider to determine if a referral is needed for nutritional counseling and to understand any potential co-pays or coverage limits that may apply in their individual circumstance.

How much does it cost to see a dietitian or a nutritionist?

The cost of seeing a dietitian or nutritionist depends on a number of variables, including their location, their specialty, whether they take insurance, and the professional's experience and training. On average, the cost of out-of-pocket sessions with a dietitian or nutritionist within the United States ranges from $50-$150. In some cases, nutrition professionals will require a longer initial evaluation session that will cost more than ongoing follow-up sessions. Dietitians and nutritionists may also offer packages for clients interested in longer-term nutritional support; in such cases, they may charge monthly or other periodic fees for more comprehensive services, such as a combination of nutrition sessions and out-of-session coaching support. If nutrition services are covered by a client's insurance plan and they are eligible for coverage based on any referral requirements, the out-of-pocket cost of seeing a dietitian may be completely covered or significantly reduced.

Are consultations with a dietitian or nutritionist covered by insurance?

If your insurance covers nutrition services, the cost is usually lower than paying out-of-pocket. However, insurance coverage can vary based on factors like your specific plan details, whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network provider, and whether you have a referral for nutrition services based on a medical diagnosis.

Coverage also depends on the type of nutrition service. Typically, insurance plans only cover services provided by a licensed Registered Dietitian (RD) and do not cover those offered by nutritionists or nutrition coaches without the RD credential. If nutrition services are not covered by your insurance, some dietitians and nutritionists may offer sliding scale rates or lower-cost services for clients who cannot afford their full fee. However, these spots are often limited and may not always be available.